1. Abstraction and Mental Flexibility (ABF) measured by the Abstract Matching (AM) test.
In this test (Glahn et al., 2000), participants are presented with two pairs of shapes at the top of the screen and one at the bottom, and they select whether the single shape belongs to the pair on the right or left. This pairing rests on the ability to find commonalities between the target object and the other shapes. Explicit categories were used to generate each trial and their combination determines the difficulty of pairing. A total of 60 pairs of shapes are presented 10s apart. Total task duration of the test is 10 mins.
2. Attention (ATT) measured by the Penn Continuous Performance Test (PCPT).
This test (Gur et al., 2001; Kurtz et al., 2001) presents 7-segment displays of numbers and letters for 300 ms. Numbers are presented in the first half followed by letters. A total of 180 stimuli are randomly presented every second. The participant's task is to press the space bar whenever the display forms a digit (for the first half of the test) or a letter (for the second half of the test). Total duration of the test is 5 mins.
3. Inhibition (INH) measured by the Go/No-Go (GNG).
This test (Moore et al., 2019b) requires one to inhibit response to a particular low-frequency nontarget. Participants see Xs and Ys quickly displayed (300 ms) at different positions on the screen and instructed to respond if and only if an X appears in the upper half of the screen, inhibiting the impulse to respond to Xs in the lower half of the screen and Ys generally. A total of 150 stimuli are presented at the rate of 1.2 secs. Total duration of the task is 5 mins.
4. Working Memory (WM) measured by the Letter-N- Back (LNB).
This test (Gur et al., 2001; Ragland et al., 2002) displays sequences of uppercase letters with stimulus duration of 500ms. In the 0-back condition, participants respond to a single target (i.e., X); in the 1-back condition they respond if the letter is identical to that preceding it; in the 2-back condition, they respond if the letter is identical to that presented two trials back. There are 45 target trials (15 per condition) and 45 foil trials presented at the rate of 2.5 sec. Total duration of task is 10 mins.
5. Processing Speed (PS) measured by the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST).
The DSST (Knowles et al., 2012) in its CNB implementation requires the participant to refer to a displayed legend relating each of the digits 1 through 9 to specific symbols. One of nine symbols appears on the screen paired with a number, and the participant decides whether the pairing is correct or incorrect. Total 54 trials are presented randomly. The test duration is fixed at 1.5 mins.
1. Verbal (Word) Memory (VME) measured by the Penn Word Memory Test (PWMT).
This test (Gur et al., 1997) presents 20 target words that are then mixed with 20 foils equated for frequency, length, concreteness, and imageability. Participants are asked to memorize the target words as they are presented (5 sec) and after the presentation of the target words they are shown targets and foils and asked whether a word presented was included in the target list on a 1 to 4 scale (definitely yes; probably yes; probably not; definitely not). Total task duration is about 3.5 mins.
2. Face Memory (FME) measured by the Penn Face Memory Test (PFMT).
This test (Gur et al., 1997, 2001) presents 20 faces that are then mixed with 20 foils equated for age, sex, and ethnicity. The presentation paradigm is otherwise identical to the verbal and spatial memory tests. Total task duration is about 3.5 mins.
3. Spatial Memory (SME) measured by the Visual Object Learning Test (VOLT).
This test (Gur et al., 2001, Glahn et al., 1997) uses Euclidean shapes as stimuli with the same paradigm as the word and face memory. A total of 10 shapes are presented 5 secs apart and after the presentation of the target shapes they are shown 10 targets and 10 foils and asked whether a shape presented was included in the target list on a 1 to 4 scale (definitely yes; probably yes; probably not; definitely not). Total task duration is about 3 mins.
4. Relational Memory (RME) measured by the Digit Symbol Recall (DSR).
This test measures associative memory by requiring participants to associate the digits with appropriate symbols from the DSST. The task duration is about 1.5 mins.
1. Language (Verbal) Reasoning (LAN) measured by the Penn Verbal Reasoning Test (PVRT).
This test (Gur et al., 1982, 2010) consists of verbal analogy problems. A total of 15 trials are presented. The task duration is about 3 mins.
2. Nonverbal (Matrix) Reasoning (NVR) measured by the Penn Matrix Reasoning Test (PMAT).
This test (Gur et al., 2010) consists of matrices requiring reasoning by geometric analogy and contrast principles. A total of 24 trials are presented but task stops if participant makes 5 consecutive errors. The task duration is about 5 mins.
3. Spatial Processing (SPA) measured by the Penn Line Orientation Test (PLOT).
This test (Gur et al., 2010) presents two lines at an angle, and participants mouse-click on a ‘button’ that makes one line rotate until they consider it to have the same angle as the other. The relative location of the lines, their sizes, and the number of degrees of rotation with each click differ across trials. A total of 24 trials with short and long line lengths and 3,6 or 9 degree rotation are presented. The task duration is about 5 mins.
Social Cognition Domain
1. Emotion Identification (EID) measured by the Penn Emotion Identification Test (PEIT).
This test (Carter et al., 2009; Kohler et al., 2014) displays 40 faces expressing one of four emotions (happy, sad, anger, fear) and neutral faces, eight each. Faces are presented one at a time, and the participant selects the emotion displayed from five choices. The facial stimuli are balanced for sex, age, and ethnicity. The task duration is about 4 mins.
2. Emotion Intensity Differentiation (EDI) measured by the Penn Emotion Differentiation Test (PEDT).
This test (Gur et al., 2010) presents pairs of emotional expressions, each pair from the same individual expressing the same emotion, one more intense than the other or of equal intensity. Gradations of intensity were obtained by morphing a neutral to an emotionally intense expression and the difference between pairs of stimuli ranged between 10 and 60% of mixture. The task is to click on the face that displays the more intense expression or indicate that they have equal intensity. The same emotions are used as for the PEIT, but the faces are different. A total of 36 trials are presented. The task duration is about 3 mins.
3. Age Differentiation (AGD) measured by the Penn Age Differentiation Test (PADT).
This test (Gur et al., 2010) requires the participant to select which of two presented faces appears older, or if they are the same age. The stimuli were generated by morphing a young person's face with that of an older person who has similar facial features. Stimuli vary by percent of difference in age (calculated based on the percentage contributed by the older face) and are balanced for sex and ethnicity. A total of 36 stimuli are presented. The task duration is about 3 mins.
Reward Decision-Making Domain
Delay Discounting (DD, a.k.a. Intertemporal Choice) measured by the DDISC; Effort Discounting (ED) measured by the EDISC; Risk Discounting (RD, a.k.a. Risk Aversion) measured by the RDISC.
In each task (Pehlivanova et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2017; Westbrook et al., 2013), the participant makes a series of 34 self-paced hypothetical choices, between two options: 1) a smaller amount of money at low cost (or zero delay for the DDISC, or single effort problem for the EDISC, or zero risk/100% certain reward for the RDISC), and 2) a larger amount of money at higher cost (or delay from 1 day-6 months for the DDISC, or effort 30-630 problems for the EDISC, or 50% risk/50% chance of reward for the RDISC). Across-trial variation in reward and/or cost magnitudes allows discounting parameters (reflecting reduction in subjective value of monetary reward for a particular cost) to be estimated for each participant based on their binary choices. In the EDISC, effort problems involve choosing which of two numbers is larger, a simple task designed to minimize confounding effects from cognitive or motor impairment; participants are required to perform 100 of these problems (~1.5min) prior to answering the hypothetical questions so the nature of the effort is understood. The RDISC and DDISC take about 3 mins and EDISC task is about 6 mins.
Sensorimotor Speed Domain
1. Sensorimotor Praxis Speed (SM) measured by the Motor Praxis Test (MP).
This test (Gur et al., 2010) requires moving the mouse and clicking on a green square that disappears after the click. The square gets increasingly small and appears in unpredictable locations. The total task duration is 2 mins.
2. Motor Speed (MOT) measured by the Finger Tapping Test (TAP).
This test (Gur et al., 2010) measures how many times a participant can press the spacebar using only the index finger in 10 seconds. Each hand receives 5 trials in counterbalanced order.The total task duration is about 2.5 mins.